Check your BIOS settings first.

Installing Ubuntu would not have changed that but sometimes strange things
happen when we are clicking this and that. You don't say what
was wrong with Windows and what you were doing. It could have happened
there as well (more likely IMO). In the end it does not matter where it
happened, but I have installed hundreds of distros and never seen it on the
Linux side. It is not likely the disk since you have tried several. It may
be the drive and just a coincidence that it went wonky now which would not
be good news.

If the BIOS does not fix it then you could try cleaning the drive. I am not
a hardware expert so am interested in the suggestions of others, too.