LOWER
Returns char,with all letters in lowercase.
SELECT LOWER('SSIT') FROM DUAL;
UPPER
Returns char,with all letters in uppercase.
SELECT UPPER('gnagar') FROM DUAL;
SUBSTR(char,m,n)
Extracts a portion of string beginning at char m and upto n char.
SELECT SUBSTR('ssitmca2003',5,3) FROM dual;
LENGTH
Returns the length of a string.
SELECT LENGTH('ssitmca2003') FROM dual;
LTRIM
Removes char-set from the left-side of string.
SELECT LTRIM('NISHA','NIS') FROM DUAL;
SELECT LTRIM(' NISHA') FROM DUAL;
RTRIM
Removes char-set from the right-side of string.
SELECT RTRIM('NISHA','HA') FROM DUAL;
SELECT RTRIM('NISHA ') FROM DUAL;