# include <iostream.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <string.h>
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <math.h>
constint max_size=13;
int n=0;
int top=-1;
int choice=0;
longdouble h=0;
longdouble x0=0;
longdouble xn[max_size]={0};
longdouble difference_table[max_size][max_size]={0};
char Non_linear_equation[100]={NULL};
char Stack[30][30]={NULL};
char Postfix_expression[30][30]={NULL};
void push(constchar *);
void convert_infix_expression_to_postfix_expression(constchar *);
constchar* pop( );
constlongdouble evaluate_postfix_expression(constlongdouble);
void show_screen( );
void clear_screen( );
void get_input( );
void construct_difference_table( );
void show_difference_table( );
void estimate_pnx( );
constlongdouble compute_newtons_bdif(constlongdouble,constint);
int main( )
{
clrscr( );
textmode(C4350);
show_screen( );
get_input( );
construct_difference_table( );
show_difference_table( );
estimate_pnx( );
return 0;
}
/*************************************************************************//*************************************************************************///------------------------ Funcion Definitions ------------------------///*************************************************************************//*************************************************************************//*************************************************************************///-------------------------- show_screen( ) ---------------------------///*************************************************************************/void show_screen( )
{
cprintf("\n********************************************************************************");
cprintf("************- -************");
cprintf("*------------ ");
textbackground(1);
cprintf(" Newton's Backward Difference Interpolation Formula ");
textbackground(8);
cprintf(" ------------*");
cprintf("************- -************");
cprintf("********************************************************************************");
for(int count=0;count<42;count++)
cprintf("* *");
gotoxy(1,46);
cprintf("********************************************************************************");
cprintf("*------------------------------------------------------------------------------*");
cprintf("********************************************************************************");
gotoxy(1,2);
}
/*************************************************************************///------------------------- clear_screen( ) ---------------------------///*************************************************************************/void clear_screen( )
{
for(int count=0;count<37;count++)
{
gotoxy(3,8+count);
cout<<" ";
}
gotoxy(1,2);
}
/*************************************************************************///-------------------------- push(const char*) ------------------------///*************************************************************************/void push(constchar* Operand)
{
if(top==(max_size-1))
{
cout<<"Error : Stack is full."<<endl;
cout<<"\n Press any key to exit.";
getch( );
exit(0);
}
else
{
top++;
strcpy(Stack[top],Operand);
}
}
/*************************************************************************///------------------------------ pop( ) -------------------------------///*************************************************************************/constchar* pop( )
{
char Operand[40]={NULL};
if(top==-1)
{
cout<<"Error : Stack is empty."<<endl;
cout<<"\n Press any key to exit.";
getch( );
exit(0);
}
else
{
strcpy(Operand,Stack[top]);
strset(Stack[top],NULL);
top--;
}
return Operand;
}
/*************************************************************************///---- convert_infix_expression_to_postfix_expression(const char*) ----///*************************************************************************/void convert_infix_expression_to_postfix_expression(constchar* Expression)
{
char Infix_expression[100]={NULL};
char Symbol_scanned[30]={NULL};
push("(");
strcpy(Infix_expression,Expression);
strcat(Infix_expression,"+0)");
int flag=0;
int count_1=0;
int count_2=0;
int equation_length=strlen(Infix_expression);
if(Infix_expression[0]=='(')
flag=1;
do
{
strset(Symbol_scanned,NULL);
if(flag==0)
{
int count_3=0;
do
{
Symbol_scanned[count_3]=Infix_expression[count_1];
count_1++;
count_3++;
}
while(count_1<=equation_length &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='(' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='+' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='-' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='*' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='/' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='^' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!=')');
flag=1;
}
elseif(flag==1)
{
Symbol_scanned[0]=Infix_expression[count_1];
count_1++;
if(Infix_expression[count_1]!='(' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='^' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='*' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='/' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='+' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!='-' &&
Infix_expression[count_1]!=')')
flag=0;
if(Infix_expression[count_1-1]=='(' &&
(Infix_expression[count_1]=='-' ||
Infix_expression[count_1]=='+'))
flag=0;
}
if(strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"(")==0)
push("(");
elseif(strcmp(Symbol_scanned,")")==0)
{
while(strcmp(Stack[top],"(")!=0)
{
strcpy(Postfix_expression[count_2],pop( ));
count_2++;
}
pop( );
}
elseif(strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"^")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"+")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"-")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"*")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"/")==0)
{
if(strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"^")==0)
{ }
elseif(strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"*")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"/")==0)
{
while(strcmp(Stack[top],"^")==0 ||
strcmp(Stack[top],"*")==0 ||
strcmp(Stack[top],"/")==0)
{
strcpy(Postfix_expression[count_2],pop( ));
count_2++;
}
}
elseif(strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"+")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"-")==0)
{
while(strcmp(Stack[top],"(")!=0)
{
strcpy(Postfix_expression[count_2],pop( ));
count_2++;
}
}
push(Symbol_scanned);
}
else
{
strcat(Postfix_expression[count_2],Symbol_scanned);
count_2++;
}
}
while(strcmp(Stack[top],NULL)!=0);
strcat(Postfix_expression[count_2],"=");
count_2++;
}
/*************************************************************************///---------- evaluate_postfix_expression(const long double) -----------///*************************************************************************/constlongdouble evaluate_postfix_expression(constlongdouble x)
{
longdouble function_value=0;
int count_1=-1;
char Symbol_scanned[30]={NULL};
do
{
count_1++;
strcpy(Symbol_scanned,Postfix_expression[count_1]);
if(strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"^")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"*")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"/")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"+")==0 ||
strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"-")==0)
{
char Result[30]={NULL};
char Operand[2][30]={NULL};
strcpy(Operand[0],pop( ));
strcpy(Operand[1],pop( ));
longdouble operand[2]={0};
longdouble result=0;
char *endptr;
for(int count_2=0;count_2<2;count_2++)
{
int flag=0;
if(Operand[count_2][0]=='-')
{
int length=strlen(Operand[count_2]);
for(int count_3=0;count_3<(length-1);count_3++)
Operand[count_2][count_3]=Operand[count_2][(count_3+1)];
Operand[count_2][count_3]=NULL;
flag=1;
}
if(strcmp(Operand[count_2],"x")==0)
operand[count_2]=x;
elseif(strcmp(Operand[count_2],"e")==0)
operand[count_2]=2.718282;
elseif(strcmp(Operand[count_2],"sinx")==0)
operand[count_2]=sinl(x);
elseif(strcmp(Operand[count_2],"cosx")==0)
operand[count_2]=cosl(x);
elseif(strcmp(Operand[count_2],"tanx")==0)
operand[count_2]=tanl(x);
elseif(strcmp(Operand[count_2],"lnx")==0)
operand[count_2]=logl(x);
elseif(strcmp(Operand[count_2],"logx")==0)
operand[count_2]=log10l(x);
else
operand[count_2]=strtod(Operand[count_2],&endptr);
if(flag)
operand[count_2]*=-1;
}
switch(Symbol_scanned[0])
{
case'^' : result=powl(operand[1],operand[0]);
break;
case'*' : result=operand[1]*operand[0];
break;
case'/' : result=operand[1]/operand[0];
break;
case'+' : result=operand[1]+operand[0];
break;
case'-' : result=operand[1]-operand[0];
break;
}
gcvt(result,25,Result);
push(Result);
}
elseif(strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"=")!=0)
push(Symbol_scanned);
}
while(strcmp(Symbol_scanned,"=")!=0);
char Function_value[30]={NULL};
char *endptr;
strcpy(Function_value,pop( ));
function_value=strtod(Function_value,&endptr);
return function_value;
}
/*************************************************************************///----------------------------- get_input( ) --------------------------///*************************************************************************/void get_input( )
{
do
{
clear_screen( );
gotoxy(6,9);
cout<<"Number of Distinct Data Points :";
gotoxy(6,10);
cout<<"ÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ";
gotoxy(27,13);
cout<<"[ min. n = 2 | max. n = 12 ]";
gotoxy(6,12);
cout<<"Enter the max. number of distinct data points = n = ";
cin>>n;
if(n<2 || n>12)
{
gotoxy(12,25);
cout<<"Error : Wrong Input. Press <Esc> to exit or any other key";
gotoxy(12,26);
cout<<" to try again.";
n=int(getche( ));
if(n==27)
exit(0);
}
}
while(n<2 || n>12);
gotoxy(6,16);
cout<<"Enter the value of x0 = ";
cin>>x0;
gotoxy(6,18);
cout<<"Enter the value of h = ";
cin>>h;
gotoxy(6,24);
cout<<"Input Mode :";
gotoxy(6,25);
cout<<"ÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ";
gotoxy(8,28);
cout<<"Press : ";
gotoxy(10,30);
cout<<"- 'Y' or <Enter> to enter function";
gotoxy(10,32);
cout<<"- 'N' or <Any other key> to enter values of the function";
gotoxy(8,35);
cout<<"Enter your choice : ";
char Choice=NULL;
Choice=getch( );
if(Choice=='y' || Choice=='Y' || int(Choice)==13)
{
choice=1;
gotoxy(28,35);
cout<<"Y";
}
else
{
gotoxy(28,35);
cout<<"N";
}
gotoxy(25,43);
cout<<"Press any key to continue...";
getch( );
if(choice)
{
clear_screen( );
gotoxy(6,11);
cout<<"Non-Linear Function :";
gotoxy(6,12);
cout<<"ÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ";
gotoxy(6,37);
cout<<"Note : Write the function with proper Braces ( ) e.g; 2x+3 as (2*x)+3";
gotoxy(6,40);
cout<<"Available Operators : ^ (raised to power) , * , / , + , -";
gotoxy(6,42);
cout<<"Available Operands : x , e , sinx , cosx , tanx , lnx , logx ,";
gotoxy(6,44);
cout<<" n = any number";
gotoxy(6,14);
cout<<"Enter the Function : f(x) = ";
cin>>Non_linear_equation;
convert_infix_expression_to_postfix_expression(Non_linear_equation);
}
clear_screen( );
gotoxy(6,9);
cout<<"Data Points & Values of Function :";
gotoxy(6,10);
cout<<"ÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ";
gotoxy(25,12);
cout<<"ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ¿";
gotoxy(25,13);
cout<<"³ x ³ f(x) ³";
gotoxy(25,14);
cout<<"ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ´";
gotoxy(25,15);
cout<<"³ ³ ³";
for(int count_1=0;count_1<n;count_1++)
{
gotoxy(25,(wherey( )+1));
cout<<"³ ³ ³";
gotoxy(25,(wherey( )+1));
cout<<"³ ³ ³";
}
gotoxy(25,(wherey( )+1));
cout<<"ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÙ";
xn[0]=x0;
for(int count_2=0;count_2<(n-1);count_2++)
xn[(count_2+1)]=(xn[count_2]+h);
gotoxy(25,16);
for(int count_3=0;count_3<n;count_3++)
{
gotoxy(27,wherey( ));
cout<<xn[count_3];
if(choice)
{
difference_table[0][count_3]=evaluate_postfix_expression(xn[count_3]);
gotoxy(43,wherey( ));
cout<<difference_table[0][count_3];
}
else
{
gotoxy(43,wherey( ));
cin>>difference_table[0][count_3];
}
if(choice)
gotoxy(25,(wherey( )+2));
else
gotoxy(25,(wherey( )+1));
}
gotoxy(25,43);
cout<<"Press any key to continue...";
getch( );
}
/*************************************************************************///----------------------- construct_difference_table( ) -----------------------///*************************************************************************/void construct_difference_table( )
{
for(int count_1=1;count_1<n;count_1++)
{
for(int count_2=count_1;count_2<n;count_2++)
{
longdouble fx1=difference_table[(count_1-1)][(count_2-1)];
longdouble fx2=difference_table[(count_1-1)][count_2];
difference_table[count_1][count_2]=fx2-fx1;
}
}
}
/*************************************************************************///-------------------------- show_difference_table( ) -------------------------///*************************************************************************/void show_difference_table( )
{
clear_screen( );
gotoxy(4,10);
cout<<"Difference Table :";
gotoxy(4,11);
cout<<"ÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ";
gotoxy(4,13);
cout<<"ÚÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÂÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ";
gotoxy(4,14);
cout<<"³ x ³ f(x) ";
gotoxy(4,15);
cout<<"ÃÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ";
gotoxy(4,16);
cout<<"³ ³ ";
int x_cord=4;
int y_cord=17;
for(int count_1=0;count_1<n;count_1++)
{
gotoxy(x_cord,y_cord);
cout<<"³ ³ ";
gotoxy(x_cord,(y_cord+1));
cout<<"³ ³ ";
gotoxy((x_cord+2),y_cord);
cout<<xn[count_1];
gotoxy((x_cord+11),y_cord);
cout<<difference_table[0][count_1];
y_cord+=2;
}
gotoxy(x_cord,y_cord);
cout<<"ÀÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ";
x_cord=28;
int count_2=0;
for(int count_3=1;count_3<n;count_3++)
{
gotoxy(x_cord,13);
cout<<"ÂÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ";
gotoxy(x_cord,14);
cout<<"³";
gotoxy(x_cord,15);
cout<<"ÅÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ";
gotoxy(x_cord,16);
cout<<"³";
gotoxy(x_cord,y_cord);
cout<<"ÁÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ";
gotoxy((x_cord+6),14);
cout<<count_3;
if(count_3==1)
cout<<"st";
elseif(count_3==2)
cout<<"nd";
elseif(count_3==3)
cout<<"rd";
else
cout<<"th";
y_cord=17;
for(int count_4=0;count_4<n;count_4++)
{
gotoxy(x_cord,y_cord);
cout<<"³";
gotoxy(x_cord,(y_cord+1));
cout<<"³";
if(count_4>=count_3)
{
gotoxy((x_cord+2),(y_cord-count_3));
cout<<difference_table[count_3][count_4];
}
y_cord+=2;
}
x_cord+=16;
count_2++;
if((count_2%3)==0 && count_3<(n-1))
{
gotoxy(x_cord,13);
cout<<"ÂÄÄ";
gotoxy(x_cord,14);
cout<<"³";
gotoxy(x_cord,15);
cout<<"ÅÄÄ";
gotoxy(x_cord,16);
cout<<"³";
gotoxy(x_cord,y_cord);
cout<<"ÁÄÄ";
y_cord=17;
for(int count_5=0;count_5<n;count_5++)
{
gotoxy(x_cord,y_cord);
cout<<"³";
gotoxy(x_cord,(y_cord+1));
cout<<"³";
y_cord+=2;
}
gotoxy(30,44);
cout<<"Press any key to continue...";
getch( );
y_cord=13;
x_cord=28;
for(int count_6=0;count_6<=(n+2);count_6++)
{
gotoxy(x_cord,y_cord);
cout<<" ";
gotoxy(x_cord,(y_cord+1));
cout<<" ";
y_cord+=2;
}
y_cord-=2;
count_2=0;
count_3--;
}
}
gotoxy(x_cord,13);
cout<<"¿";
gotoxy(x_cord,14);
cout<<"³";
gotoxy(x_cord,16);
cout<<"³";
y_cord=17;
for(int count_6=0;count_6<n;count_6++)
{
gotoxy(x_cord,y_cord);
cout<<"³";
gotoxy(x_cord,(y_cord+1));
cout<<"³";
y_cord+=2;
}
gotoxy(x_cord,15);
cout<<"´";
gotoxy(x_cord,y_cord);
cout<<"Ù";
gotoxy(30,44);
cout<<"Press any key to continue...";
getch( );
}
/*************************************************************************///---------- compute_newtons_bdif(const long double,const int) --------///*************************************************************************/constlongdouble compute_newtons_bdif(constlongdouble x,constint n)
{
longdouble s=0;
longdouble pnx=0;
longdouble temp=0;
longdouble n_factorial=1;
int temp_n=::n;
s=((x-xn[(temp_n-1)])/h);
pnx=difference_table[0][(temp_n-1)];
for(int count_1=0;count_1<n;count_1++)
{
temp=s;
temp*=difference_table[(count_1+1)][(temp_n-1)];
temp/=n_factorial;
for(int count_2=0;count_2<count_1;count_2++)
temp*=(s+(count_2+1));
pnx+=temp;
n_factorial*=(count_1+2);
}
return pnx;
}
/*************************************************************************///---------------------------- estimate_pnx( ) ------------------------///*************************************************************************/void estimate_pnx( )
{
clear_screen( );
gotoxy(6,10);
cout<<"Estimation of Pn(x) :";
gotoxy(6,11);
cout<<"ÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍ";
char Choice=NULL;
int n=0;
longdouble x=0;
longdouble fx=0;
longdouble pnx=0;
do
{
Choice=NULL;
n=0;
x=0;
fx=0;
pnx=0;
gotoxy(10,13);
cout<<"Enter the value of n = ";
cin>>n;
gotoxy(10,15);
cout<<"Enter the value of x = ";
cin>>x;
pnx=compute_newtons_bdif(x,n);
gotoxy(10,20);
cout<<"The estimated value of P"<<n<<"("<<x<<") = "<<pnx;
if(choice)
{
fx=evaluate_postfix_expression(x);
gotoxy(10,23);
cout<<"The Actual value of f"<<"("<<x<<") = "<<fx;
gotoxy(10,25);
cout<<"Absolute Error = E(abs) = "<<fabs((fx-pnx));
}
gotoxy(12,40);
cout<<"Press <Esc> to exit, 'V' to view Difference Table again";
gotoxy(25,42);
cout<<"or any other key to continue...";
Choice=getch( );
if(int(Choice)!=27 && Choice!='v' && Choice!='V')
{
gotoxy(10,13);
cout<<" ";
gotoxy(10,15);
cout<<" ";
gotoxy(10,20);
cout<<" ";
gotoxy(10,23);
cout<<" ";
gotoxy(10,25);
cout<<" ";
gotoxy(12,40);
cout<<" ";
gotoxy(25,42);
cout<<" ";
}
elseif(Choice=='v' || Choice=='V')
{
show_difference_table( );
estimate_pnx( );
}
elseif(int(Choice)==27)
exit(0);
}
while(1);
}