Presumably the Windows CD was a pre-recorded one and the Ubuntu ones
are recorded onto CD-R ? That would indicate that the CD drive is
having difficulty reading the CD-R but is OK on pre-recorded. Not that
uncommon and the usual culprit is dust on the CD drive lens that's not
enough to prevent the more reflective pre-recorded discs from reading
but enough to make CD-R ( or any type of disc that's home recorded )
from being read correctly.

Try a CD Lens cleaner - essentially a CD with small brushes glued to
the data layer that sweeps over the lens as the disc spins. Useful to
have one of these anyway for cleaning optical drives !

If that doesn't cure it then the dust can be deeper and not possible
to clean it out, or the laser that does the read/write may be fading,
so a new drive is required. Not expensive these days so not a major
disaster

The alternative would be a bootable USB drive but you'll still be
needing to read CD-R's at some point so worth trying the cleaner then
replacing if necessary.

PS - you may think you've successfully recorded on a drive that has
been affected by dust but the recording is likely faulty.