Your router shouldn't care what OS you're running, I'd be VERY
surprised if it did.
Your ISP probably wants to load a disk with a hacked browser and some
crapware, and it's just as well that you can't allow them to do it. I
had that with comcast.

Probably, you don't have the router set up to do DHCP, so your machine
isn't getting an IP address.
You can check this by booting into windows, and using your browser to
configure the router.
(see router docs for IP address and password etc)

Turn on DHCP in the router, and set your computers to use dynamic IP
(unless you have a reason not to) and that should take care of it.