I Use Ubuntu and Kubuntu. I don't have that exact model but my Dell
Streak with a much older operating system (still 1.6!) connects just
fine and there is an option for MTR (3 letters not sure I've
remembered them right), as well as file transfers and just to charge
the battery. You should be OK with the Galaxy Tab.

Are you saying you want to play music on the Tablet, and hear it
through the speakers on your PC? I do not think that is currently
supported in Linux, Windows, or MAC using software and a USB
connetion... But you can achieve that using the Microphone line-in or
RCA line in (if you have the later) on your PC. You would just need
to connect from the line out on your tablet (i.e., the headphone jack)
to the line in on your PC... There may be some features I am unaware
of, though... I've always found it easier to just play from my PC, as
I store all of my music there, locally, anyway.